“ Long-Term Capital Management: Regulators Need to Focus Greater Attention on Systemic Risk.” Accessed Jan. “ Enron and the Use and Abuse of Special Purpose Entities in Corporate Structures.” Accessed Feb. 19, 2021.ĭuke Law Scholarship Repository, via University of Cincinnati Law Review. “ Former Enron Chief Financial Officer Andrew Fastow Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Commit Securities and Wire Fraud, Agrees to Cooperate with Enron Investigation.” Accessed Jan. 19, 2021.įederal Bureau of Investigation. “ Two Enron Executives Charged with Fraud, Conspiracy and False Statements.” Accessed Jan. “ CFTC Charges Enron with Price Manipulation and Other Illegal Acts.” Accessed Jan. “ Making Sense of Mark to Market.” Accessed Jan. “ Financial Oversight of Enron: The SEC and Private-Sector Watchdogs,” ( of PDF). Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs. Louis, FRED (Federal Reserve Economic Data). “ Report of Investigation of Enron Corporation and Related Entities Regarding Federal Tax and Compensation Issues, and Policy Recommendations,” Pages 77 and 84 (Pages 99 and 106 of PDF). Congress, Joint Committee on Taxation, via Internet Archive. Enron’s new, unregulated power auction led to revenues at its Wholesale Services business quadrupling to $48.4 billion in the first quarter (Q1) of 2001 compared with the year-ago period. As Enron was one of the main players in such market manipulation, its energy traders were able to sell power at multiples of normal peak power prices. Subsequent investigations by state and federal officials concluded that power generators and power marketers intentionally withheld electricity to create artificial shortages and increase the cost of power. After the bill was passed, California endured an acute electricity shortage that caused as many as 38 rolling blackouts by June 2001, compared with only one in the six-month period preceding the bill. In December 2000, a bill that deregulated energy commodity trading in California was passed, allowing Enron to operate an unregulated power auction called EnronOnline that rapidly gained control over a large share of the state’s electricity and natural gas market.